{"product_id":"original-spanish-civil-war-1938-pattern-cruz-de-guerra-al-merito-en-campana-breast-star","title":"Original Spanish Civil War 1938 Pattern Cruz de Guerra “Al Mérito en Campaña” Breast Star","description":"\u003cp\u003eOriginal Item. Only One Available. This is a Spanish \u003cb\u003eCruz de Guerra\u003c\/b\u003e, or War Cross, corresponding closely to the first pattern formally approved in 1938 during the Spanish Civil War. The decoration takes the form of an elaborate breast star, with a faceted silver-colored eight-pointed radiating base supporting a gilt laurel wreath, crossed swords, and four projecting arms. The upper arm carries an open crown above a blank rectangular date tablet, the lateral arms display confronting lions, and the lower arm bears a castle.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt center is a finely enameled circular medallion displaying the quartered arms of Castile and León, with alternating castles and lions and a small blue central escutcheon bearing the pomegranate of Granada. Surrounding the arms is a dark blue enamel ring inscribed in gilt:\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eAL MERITO\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eEN CAMPAÑA\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis translates as \u003ci\u003e“For Merit in Campaign.”\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reverse is plain and retains its substantial vertical pin attachment with hinge and catch. No manufacturer marking is visible in the supplied photographs. The blank tablet beneath the crown was intended to receive a date associated with the award; on this example it remains unengraved. The combination of the leaden-silver radiating star, gilt laurel and sword arrangement, silver-colored crown, lions and castle, and blue enameled motto ring is characteristic of the early Cruz de Guerra design adopted during the Civil War period.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCondition is very good overall, with attractive age toning and surface wear throughout. The silver-colored rays show scattered scratches, rubbing, and oxidation, while much of the contrasting gilt finish remains visible on the laurel and central framework. The enamel remains highly presentable, with localized chips and surface losses, particularly to portions of the central red and white fields and blue inscription ring. The pin assembly remains present on the reverse. No major structural loss is apparent from the supplied photographs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHistorical Context\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Cruz de Guerra originated during the Spanish Civil War as part of a broader reorganization of military rewards by the Nationalist government. Decree No. 192 of January 26, 1937 established a hierarchy of campaign decorations that included promotion for war merit, the Cruz Laureada de San Fernando, the Medalla Militar, the newly designated Cruz de Guerra, the Red Cross of Military Merit, the Medal for Suffering for the Fatherland, and the Campaign Medal. The decree explicitly described the Cruz de Guerra as the successor to the former María Cristina decoration and prescribed that it retain the form and legend of the First Class Cross of María Cristina, reduced by one third in size.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe same decree defined the Cruz de Guerra as a reward for \u003cb\u003eexceptional campaign merit\u003c\/b\u003e demonstrated by personnel whose conduct was extraordinary but did not rise to the level required for promotion for war merit, the Cruz Laureada de San Fernando, or the Medalla Militar. At this stage, the regulations stated that campaign decorations were to be identical for generals, senior officers, officers, NCOs, and enlisted personnel, with the Laureada de San Fernando being the principal exception.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the Cruz de Guerra had therefore been legally established in January 1937, its standardized physical design was not formally published until the \u003cb\u003eOrder of March 29, 1938\u003c\/b\u003e, appearing in the \u003ci\u003eBoletín Oficial del Estado\u003c\/i\u003e of March 31. That order announced the official full-size and full-color models for both the Cruz de Guerra and the Red Cross of Military Merit.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe resulting Cruz de Guerra deliberately retained the visual ancestry of the nineteenth-century \u003cb\u003eReal y Militar Orden de María Cristina\u003c\/b\u003e, a campaign-merit order instituted under the monarchy. The María Cristina insignia had employed a radiating breast star, cross, wreath, swords, heraldic arms, and the legend \u003ci\u003eAl Mérito en Campaña\u003c\/i\u003e. The new Civil War-era award adapted that established military iconography while altering several heraldic details. Spanish military historical research published by the Ministry of Defence notes that the María Cristina design served directly as the basis for the later Cruz de Guerra.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe early pattern was centered upon the arms of Castile and León, accompanied by the Granada emblem, and surrounded by the blue \u003ci\u003eAL MÉRITO EN CAMPAÑA\u003c\/i\u003e ring. Around this were placed the laurel wreath and four swords traditionally associated with military achievement. The crown at the top, paired lions at the sides, and castle at the bottom provided additional heraldic references to Spain. The radiating base was prescribed in a darkened or leaden silver tone, producing the strong contrast between the star, gilt elements, and colored enamel seen on surviving examples of the pattern.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA major reorganization followed with the \u003cb\u003eLaw of March 14, 1942\u003c\/b\u003e, which approved a comprehensive wartime military-rewards regulation. Under the new system the Cruz de Guerra was awarded for acts or services described officially as “very distinguished” and having extraordinary effectiveness in the development of a combat or battle. The decoration was now divided by rank: enlisted personnel received a suspended cross; officers and NCOs received a breast plate with a bronze-colored radiating field; \u003ci\u003eJefes\u003c\/i\u003e, or field-grade officers, received a similar plate with silvered rays; and generals received the Gran Cruz with gold rays, sash, and pendant insignia.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 1942 regulations retained much of the established imagery. They specifically prescribed an enameled central shield, gilt cross, laurel leaves and four swords, a dark blue enamel circle bearing \u003cb\u003e“Al mérito en campaña”\u003c\/b\u003e in gilt lettering, a crown above, castle below, lions on the lateral arms, and a rectangular tablet intended for the date of the award. The regulations further stipulated that subsequent awards were to be indicated by additional rectangular date bars rather than by wearing multiple complete decorations.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Original Items","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":45935300116549,"sku":"ONSV26EMC084","price":295.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/1524\/1342\/files\/C3EC710C-21E1-4DFF-A64A-76E7AB70B3E4.jpg?v=1791233517","url":"https:\/\/www.ima-usa.com\/products\/original-spanish-civil-war-1938-pattern-cruz-de-guerra-al-merito-en-campana-breast-star","provider":"International Military Antiques","version":"1.0","type":"link"}